Pneumococcal disease refers to infections caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. These infections can be serious, particularly for young children, older adults, and individuals with chronic health conditions.

Because of this, pneumococcal vaccination plays a key role in protecting against these potentially severe illnesses.

In the United States, two main types of pneumococcal vaccines are available. Both have been proven safe and effective in preventing pneumococcal disease.

Like all vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines can cause mild side effects, which typically clear up within a few days. The exact side effects can vary depending on which vaccine is given, but the most common ones include:

• Pain or redness at the injection site

• Mild fever

• Tiredness

• Headache

Below, we’ll explore pneumococcal disease, the available vaccines, and what you should know about their potential side effects.

What Is Pneumococcal Disease?

Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can affect both children and adults. While it occurs most often in young children, older adults and people with underlying medical conditions are also at risk for serious complications.

The bacteria spread easily through respiratory droplets, such as saliva or mucus, when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Pneumococcal infections can lead to several types of illnesses, including some that are life-threatening, such as:

• Pneumonia

• Meningitis

• Sinus infections

• Middle ear infections (otitis media)

• Bloodstream infections (bacteremia)

Types of Pneumococcal Vaccines

Getting vaccinated helps protect individuals and communities from pneumococcal disease by preventing infections and reducing transmission.

While vaccines may not prevent all cases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that even one dose can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

There are two pneumococcal vaccines currently used in the U.S.:

PCV13 (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)

PCV13 protects against 13 strains of S. pneumoniae that commonly cause disease. It’s given as a four-dose series in children and as a single dose for some adults.

Recommended for:

• Children under 2 years old

• Adults 65 and older (based on a doctor’s advice)

• Individuals aged 2–64 with chronic health conditions such as diabetes, HIV, or heart, lung, liver, or kidney disease

PPSV23 (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine)

PPSV23 covers 23 strains of pneumococcal bacteria and is typically administered as a single dose.

Recommended for:

• Adults 65 and older

• People aged 2–64 with certain chronic conditions

• Adults aged 19–64 who smoke

Mild Side Effects

Both vaccines can cause mild side effects that usually go away within a few days.

Common PCV13 side effects:

• Redness, swelling, or pain at the injection site

• Mild fever or chills

• Headache

• Drowsiness or sleepiness

• Loss of appetite

• Irritability

Common PPSV23 side effects:

• Redness, swelling, or soreness where the shot was given

• Mild fever

• Muscle aches

• Fatigue

• Headache

Rare but Serious Reactions

Severe allergic reactions to the pneumococcal vaccine are extremely uncommon—occurring in about 1 in 1 million doses, according to the CDC.

Symptoms of a severe reaction (anaphylaxis) usually appear soon after vaccination and may include:

• Trouble breathing or wheezing

• Rapid heartbeat

• Feeling faint or dizzy

• Pale or clammy skin

• Anxiety or a sense of panic

• Confusion

If any of these symptoms occur, seek emergency medical care right away.

Side Effects in Babies

The CDC recommends the PCV13 vaccine for infants, given in four doses at:
2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and between 12–15 months.

Common mild reactions in infants:

• Fussiness or irritability

• Tenderness, redness, or swelling at the injection site

• Decreased appetite

• Sleep disturbances or drowsiness

• Mild fever

On very rare occasions, more serious effects such as high fever, rash, or seizures may occur. Contact your child’s healthcare provider if these symptoms develop.

Caring for a Child Who Feels Unwell After Vaccination

If your child feels unwell after receiving the vaccine, there are steps you can take to help relieve discomfort:

• Keep them cool and hydrated if they develop a fever.

• Apply a cool, damp washcloth to the injection site to reduce swelling or pain.

• Use infant acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin) for fever or soreness—always following the recommended dosage instructions.

How Effective Are Pneumococcal Vaccines?

Before approval, all vaccines go through extensive studies to confirm their safety and effectiveness.

A 2016 study found that PCV13 was:

• 86% effective against the 13 strains it targets

• 60.2% effective against all pneumococcal infections combined

Effectiveness was similar in children with and without underlying conditions.

A 2021 review found that PPSV23 effectively protects against the strains it covers, though its effectiveness may be lower in adults over 75 or those with chronic illnesses. Overall, it provides about 60–70% protection, and over 80% of healthy adults produce protective antibodies after vaccination.

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

The pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for:

• All infants and children younger than 2 years

• Adults 65 years and older

• Individuals with long-term health conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)

• People with weakened immune systems

• Adults aged 19–64 who smoke

Talk with your healthcare provider about which pneumococcal vaccine best suits your age and health status.

Who Should Avoid the Vaccine?

Certain people should not receive pneumococcal vaccines.

Avoid PCV13 if you:

• Are currently ill

• Have had a severe allergic reaction to:

  • A previous dose of PCV13

  • The older PCV7 vaccine

  • A vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid (e.g., DTaP)

  • Any component of the PCV13 vaccine

Avoid PPSV23 if you:

• Are currently unwell

• Have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to:

  • A prior PPSV23 dose

  • Any ingredient in the vaccine

If you have concerns about allergies, ask your doctor for a list of the vaccine’s components.

Summary

Pneumococcal disease can cause serious, sometimes life-threatening infections, particularly in young children, older adults, and those with chronic illnesses.

Two vaccines—PCV13 and PPSV23—provide strong protection against multiple pneumococcal strains.

Most side effects are mild and temporary, though rare severe allergic reactions can occur.

Always consult your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate pneumococcal vaccine for you or your child.